Roles of digital technology in China's sustainable forestry development

China has the fifth largest forest area in the world and any change in China's forestry development will have inevitable impacts on global ecological sustainability. China has undergone excessive logging of natural forests and also made tremendous efforts in afforestation during the past half century. China's forestry is now going through a variety of transitions and several forestry programs have been implemented to drive forestry transitions. The goal of these actions is to protect ecological services of forests and sustain China's forestry development. These forestry programs are spatially sophisticated and cannot be successfully implemented without accurate and transparent forest/forestry information. A variety of digital technologies, including forest modeling, remote sensing, geographic information systems, global positioning systems, and visualization, have been applied in handling diverse information in China's forestry. Digital forestry is not just a theoretical concept in China. Our digital forestry experience in northeast China suggests that digital technology is both usable and useful in China's forestry development. Digital technology is playing an important interactive role in China's top-down forestry administration system. The analog-to-digital transition in technology is expected to lead to the success of forestry programs and forestry transitions in China.     

数字滤波法在点源和非点源污染负荷分割中的应用

以分辨流域点源和非点源污染负荷为研究目标,在傅立叶分析的基础上,提出了从污染负荷时间序列中分辨点源和非点源污染负荷的新方法——数字滤波法,探讨了数字滤波方程的参数与滤波次数的关系,并将该方法应用到东江流域COD_Mn负荷的分割上. 应用实例表明,分割的点源和非点源负荷系列曲线符合点源和非点源负荷的产生特点,使用者能够在污染负荷分割过程中通过滤波参数的选取比较方便地加入自己的经验. 一般取较大滤波参数时,只需要3次滤波就能得出较满意的结果.      

基于GIS在城市数字规划模型的研究

针对GIS在数字城市规划中的要求,提出了GIS数字城市规划概念及其在城市数字规划中的作用.根据GIS在城市数字规划中的服务功能建立了相应的数学模型,并对城市规划中所涉及的的公众参与冲突的协调机制模型、多元韦伯模型的概念进行了介绍.在此基础上对GIS在城市数字规划管理以及城市空间规划中的应用进行讨论.并证明GIS技术在数字城市规划中能起到重要的作用.参5.     

面源模式的通用算法探讨

提出了矩形面源扩散模拟计算的数值积分法和中心虚点源法,以及二者结合的综合法,并用算例进行了计算精度、计算速度和结果连续性的对比.结果表明:与传统的后置虚点源法及其改进算法——谷清经验法相比,该算法与理论真值的相对误差可从20%以上降低到3%以下,并且可以准确地反映风向和面源的形状,但在计算量上要增大十几倍到上百倍.对于任意不规则面源,提出了正方形分割算法,并对分割正方形的取舍采用简便的重心判断法,以准确方便地模拟其形状.综合运用笔者提出的适于机算的通用面源算法,对不同的计算任务权衡速度和精度采用合适的算法,可以处理各种气象条件下任意形状面源的扩散计算,并可取得理想的计算精度.      

Opportunities for redistributed manufacturing and digital intelligence as enablers of a circular economy

The linear production of consumer goods is characterised by mass manufacture by multinational enterprises and globally dispersed supply chains. The current centralised model has created a distance between the manufacturer and end user, limiting the opportunity for intelligent circular approaches for production and consumption. Through a mixed method approach, opportunities of circularity are explored for the consumer goods sector. The study presents four lenses to analyse three enterprises through a multi-case study approach to explore the potential of digital intelligence and redistributed manufacturing (RDM) as enablers of circular business models. In addition, the study examines whether Discrete Event Simulation can be used to evaluate the circular scenarios identified through quantifying flows of material that determine traditional economic value (cost/tonne). The mixed method approach demonstrates that, a qualitative systemic analysis can reveal opportunities for circularity, gained through implementing ‘digital intelligence’ and distributed models of production and consumption. Furthermore, simulations can provide a quantified evaluation on the effects of introducing circular activities across a supply chain.     

Information presentation compatibility in a simple digital control panel design: eye-tracking study

Various designs of typical digital control panels were analyzed experimentally from both the effectiveness and efficiency points of view. Subjects performed information comparison tasks aimed at keeping vehicle velocity at the same level. The experiment involved two versions of speedometers for displaying current and target velocities (clock-face and digital). The stimuli were also differentiated by the target velocity value (20, 50 and 80?km/h) and the correct response type (increase or decrease). Subjects’ performance results along with the eye-tracking data were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed for all 24 experimental conditions.     

后疫情时期的经济复苏与绿色发展:对立还是共赢

后疫情时期的大规模经济刺激计划引发了人们对绿色发展可能让位于经济复苏的担忧。尽管“绿色复苏”得到国内外广泛的呼吁和支持,但绿色是否意味着经济的妥协?绿色复苏可能面临怎样的挑战?这些问题的考量,对我国科学部署经济发展战略、完善顶层政策设计至关重要。基于疫情暴发以来的出行大数据、防疫管控措施等最新信息,构建细化经济复苏过程的全球疫情自适应模型,量化模拟不同复苏方案对经济、就业的拉动效应和碳排放影响。研究发现:以发展清洁能源和数字经济为主的绿色复苏方案对经济体量的拉动效应等同,甚至超过以化石能源和重工业为主的传统经济刺激方案;但前者面临的劳动力转型挑战可能拖慢经济复苏的进程。“绿色复苏”方案对我国经济体量的拉动效应比传统刺激方案高0.3%~14.8%,创造就业岗位数量变化-4%~3%,但同时需要近1亿人(约为初始就业人口总量的13%)跨行业就业,其中受疫情影响较大的中、低技能劳动者占96%以上。跨行业就业门槛和劳动者技能瓶颈可能增加劳动力流转匹配的时间成本,甚至带来“结构性失业”问题和社会不平等加剧的次生伤害。认为:经济复苏与绿色发展本质上不是对立的单选题,而是存在共赢的可能性。对“绿色复苏”在经济、就业和环境三方面正向协同效益的边界条件应有清醒认识和把握,仅仅关注经济拉动效应和创造就业岗位总量的潜在效益而忽视实现该理论效益的现实条件,可能会造成对经济刺激方案选择的误判。加强劳动力市场的灵活性、推动社会公正转型是提升经济系统韧性、实现复苏与绿色共赢的前瞻性举措。     

单轴压缩下中部锁固岩桥变形破坏模式及演化机制研究

为了探究锁固岩桥破坏模式及演化机制，通过在完整试样端部预制裂隙以形成中部岩桥，采用物理试验和RFPA2D数值模拟方法，研究不同锁固岩桥角度试样破坏模式及裂隙扩展演化机制的影响规律，并利用断裂力学理论分析岩桥裂隙扩展机理。研究结果表明:利用数字图像技术，从定量角度分析裂隙扩展类型，得出试验试样最终破坏是由前期损伤不断积累所导致的结果；锁固段岩桥角度α对锁固段的破坏有重要影响，当α≤90°时，锁固岩桥段发生张拉贯通破坏；当90°＜α＜120°时，锁固岩桥段发生张拉剪切贯通破坏；当α≥120°时，锁固岩桥段并没有发生贯通破坏。最终得出3种试样破坏模式:下部裂隙张拉扩展，贯通中部岩桥；上下部裂隙同时张拉扩展，剪切贯通中部岩桥；下部裂隙张拉扩展，贯通试样上端面，中部岩桥没有发生破坏。     

高温后砂岩抗拉强度及应变场演化实验研究

为研究高温后砂岩的抗拉力学特性及变形破坏规律，对不同温度作用后的砂岩进行巴西劈裂实验，同时采用数字散斑相关方法对砂岩变形破坏进行监测。研究表明:高温作用后砂岩质量损失率增加，波速整体呈降低趋势，砂岩物理特性出现一定劣化；高温作用使砂岩抗拉强度呈先增加后减小的趋势，25~400℃增大了16.08%，400~1 000℃减小了69.30%，砂岩表现为脆性破坏特征；砂岩劈裂过程中，水平应变场演化过程为:局部小变形产生、扩展→小变形区域聚集、合并、连接→应变局部化带产生→应变局部化带扩展并贯穿→宏观劈裂破坏；随着温度升高，应变局部化启动水平先增加后降低，400℃为转折点。该研究方法可为煤矿火灾安全等领域提供借鉴。     

A spatially explicit empirical model of structural development processes in natural forests based on climate and topography

Stand structure develops with stand age. Old-growth forests with well-developed stand structure support many species. However, development rates of stand structure likely vary with climate and topography. We modeled structural development of 4 key stand variables and a composite old-growth index as functions of climatic and topographic covariates. We used a hierarchical Bayesian method for analysis of extensive snap-shot National Forest Inventory (NFI) data in Japan (n = 9244) to account for differences in stand age. Development rates of structural variables and the old-growth index exhibited curvilinear responses to environmental covariates. Flat sites were characterized by high rates of structural development. Approximately 150 years were generally required to attain high values (approximately 0.8) of the old-growth index. However, the predicted age to achieve specific values varied depending on environmental conditions. Spatial predictions highlighted regional variation in potential structural development rates. For example, sometimes there were differences of >100 years among sites, even in the same catchment, in attainment of a medium index value (0.5) after timber harvesting. The NFI data suggested that natural forests, especially old natural forests (>150 years), remain generally on unproductive ridges, steep slopes, or areas with low temperature and deep snow, where many structural variables show slow development rates. We suggest that maintenance and restoration of old natural forests on flat sites should be prioritized for conservation due to the likely rapid development of stand structure, although remaining natural forests on low-productivity sites are still important and should be protected.